1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 7
States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. Waking Consciousness
 Consciousness
 our awareness
of ourselves
and our
environments

3. Sleep and Dreams
 Biological Rhythms
 periodic physiological fluctuations
 Circadian Rhythm
 the biological clock
 regular bodily rhythms that occur on
a 24-hour cycle, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature

4. Premenstrual
Syndrome
3
Recalled mood is
Negative mood worse than
score earlier reported
2
1
Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phase
Actual Recalled mood

5. Sleep and Dreams
 REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
 recurring sleep stage
 vivid dreams
 “paradoxical sleep”
 muscles are generally relaxed, but other
body systems are active
 Sleep
 periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness

6. Sleep and Dreams
 Measuring sleep activity

7. Brain Waves and
Sleep Stages
 Alpha Waves
 slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain
 Delta Waves
 large, slow waves
of deep sleep
 Hallucinations
 false sensory
experiences

8. Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hours of sleep

9. Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Minutes
of Decreasing
25 Stage 4
Stage 4
and
REM 20
15 Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hours of sleep

10. Sleep Deprivation
 Effects of Sleep
Loss
 fatigue
 impaired
concentration
 depressed immune
system
 greater
vulnerability to
accidents

11. Sleep Deprivation
Less sleep, More sleep,
Accident more accidents fewer accidents
frequency
2,800
2,700 4,200
2,600 4000
2,500 3,800
2,400 3,600
Spring time change Fall time change
(hour sleep loss) (hour sleep gained)
Monday before time change Monday after time change

12. Sleep Disorders
 Insomnia
 persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep
 Narcolepsy
 uncontrollable sleep attacks
 Sleep Apnea
 temporary cessation of breathing
 momentary reawakenings

13. Night Terrors and
Nightmares
Sleep
stages
 Night Terrors
Awake
 occur within 2 or
1
3 hours of falling
2 asleep, usually
3 during Stage 4
REM
4  high arousal--
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
appearance of
Hours of sleep being terrified

14. Dreams: Freud
 Dreams
 sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
person’s mind
 hallucinatory imagery
 discontinuities
 incongruities
 delusional acceptance of the content
 difficulties remembering

15. Dreams: Freud
 Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
 wish fulfillment
 discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
 Manifest Content
 remembered story line
 Latent Content
 underlying meaning

16. Dreams
 As Information Processing
 helps facilitate memories
 REM Rebound
 REM sleep increases following REM
sleep deprivation

17. Sleep Across the
Lifespan

18. Hypnosis
 Hypnosis
 a social interaction in which one person
(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the
subject) that certain perceptions,
feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur
 Posthypnotic Amnesia
 supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
 induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

19. Hypnosis
 Unhypnotized
persons can
also do this

20. Hypnosis
 Orne & Evans (1965)
 control group instructed to “pretend”
 unhypnotized subjects performed the same
acts as the hypnotized ones
 Posthypnotic Suggestion
 suggestion to be carried out after the subject
is no longer hypnotized
 used by some clinicians to control undesired
symptoms and behaviors

21. Hypnosis
 Dissociation
 a split in consciousness
 allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others
 Hidden Observer
 Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized
subject’s awareness of experiences, such as
pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

22. Explaining Hypnosis

23. Drugs and
Consciousness
 Psychoactive Drug
 a chemical substance that alters perceptions
and mood
 Physical Dependence
 physiological need for a drug
 marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
 Psychological Dependence
 a psychological need to use a drug
 for example, to relieve negative emotions

24. Dependence and
Addiction
Big
effect
 Tolerance
Drug Response to
first exposure
 diminishing effect
effect
with regular use
 Withdrawal
After repeated
exposure, more
 discomfort and
drug is needed
to produce
distress that follow
same effect discontinued use
Little
effect
Small Large
Drug dose

25. Psychoactive Drugs
 Depressants
 drugs that reduce neural activity
 slow body functions
 alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
 Stimulants
 drugs that excite neural activity
 speed up body functions
 caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

26. Psychoactive Drugs
 Hallucinogens
 psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
 LSD

27. Psychoactive Drugs
 Barbiturates
 drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous
system, reducing anxiety but
impairing memory and
judgement

28. Psychoactive Drugs
 Opiates
 opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
 opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety

29. Psychoactive Drugs
 Amphetamines
 drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing speeded-up
body functions and associated
energy and mood changes

30. Cocaine Euphoria and
Crash

31. Psychoactive Drugs
 Ecstasy (MDMA)
 synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
 both short-term and long-term health risks
 LSD
 lysergic acid diethylamide
 a powerful hallucinogenic drug
 also known as acid
 THC
 the major active ingredient in marijuana
 triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations

32. Psychoactive Drugs

33. Trends in Drug Use
80%
High school 70
seniors
60
reporting Alcohol
drug use 50
40 Marijuana/
hashish
30
20
Cocaine
10
0
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Year

34. Perceived Marijuana
Risk
100%
Perceived “great risk of
Percent 90 harm” in marijuana use
of 80
twelfth 70
graders
60
50
40
Used marijuana
30
20
10
0
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Year

35. Near-Death Experiences
 Near-Death
Experience
 an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a close
brush with death
 often similar to drug-
induced
hallucinations

36. Near-Death Experiences
 Dualism
 the presumption that mind and
body are two distinct entities that
interact
 Monism
 the presumption that mind and
body are different aspects of the
same thing